i o data transfer techniques peripherals microprocessor standard instruction set. Disadvantages: Consumes address space. Requires careful management of address decoding. 2. I/O Port Mapped I/O Concept: Peripherals are accessed via dedicated I/O instructions, separate from memory instructions, using specific I/O add J Julian Bogisich Jul 5, 2026
advanced microprocessors and peripherals graphics. Cons: High power consumption. Complex programming models. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) FPGAs are reconfigurable chips used for custom hardware acceleration: Features: Reprogrammability allows adaptation for different workloads. E Erick Graham May 1, 2026
